The number of worldwide antisemitic incidents rose significantly last year, a report by Tel Aviv University has found.
The US, Canada, the UK, Germany and Australia are highlighted as nations where a sharp rise has occurred.
The report attributes a rise in radical left and right wing political movements, as well as incitement on social media.
The report has been unveiled ahead of Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day, which begins on Wednesday night.
The US, Canada, the UK, Germany and Australia are all nations where anti-Semitic incidents have risen, according to the report.
Adam Davy
Known in Israel as Yom HaShoah, the occasion remembers the six million Jews murdered by Nazi Germany across Europe during World War 2.
The Antisemitism Worldwide Report 2021, created by the Center for the Study of Contemporary European Jewry at Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Humanities, looks at analysis of studies from around the world, on top of information from law enforcement bodies, the media and Jewish organisations.
The report says that in 2021 there was "a significant increase in various types of antisemitic incidents in most countries with large Jewish populations".
The report states that the number of anti-Jewish hate crimes recorded in Los Angeles and New York were almost twice that of the previous year.
The report criticises social media for its role in the rise of incidents.
Adam Davy
The finding state France saw a 75 percent rise of antisemitic incidents compared with 2020, whilst a leading Jewish group in Canada reported a 40-year record in anti-Semitic physical violence in one month, August.
The UK's number of recorded physical assaults against Jews rose by 78 percent compared with 2020, according to the report.
The report hits out at social media over their "vast reach" which has been used to "spread lies and incitement".
Covid-19 conspiracy theories have also played a role in anti-Jewish sentiments according to the report.
Adam Davy
It played an "exceptionally alarming role" in the rise of antisemitic incidents, the report says.
The study says: "The data raise concerns regarding the utility of legislation and agreements reached with social media companies on banning antisemitic expressions from their platforms.
"The gravest concern is the dark web, which shelters extremists and where anti-Semitic content is freely and openly spread," it warns, referring to a part of the internet only accessible through special browsing software.
The report also says conspiracy theories surrounding the Covid-19 pandemic are fuelling anti-Jewish hate crimes.
It reads: "Right at the outset of the pandemic in 2020, conspiracy theories began to sprout around the world, blaming the Jews and Israel for spreading the virus.
"The lockdowns, which glued people to their screens at home, contributed significantly to popularising toxic anti-Semitic discourse on social networks.
"In 2021, when the lockdowns were gradually eased, antisemites returned to the streets."
