A lawyer opposing the removal of a Cambridge University memorial to a man who invested in slave trading companies has asked: “Where in the gospels is slavery condemned?”
An ecclesiastical court hearing is being held to determine whether the university should relocate the memorial to Tobias Rustat from Jesus College’s chapel to a permanent exhibition space in the college.
Mr Rustat, a former student at Jesus, was an investor in the Royal African Company which became one of the college’s largest benefactors prior to the 20th century and was a slave trading company in the late 1600s and early 1700s, according to the university.
Following recommendations made by the college’s Legacy of Slavery Working Party in 2019 and 2020, the college took the view that the memorial represents a celebration of Mr Rustat which is “incompatible with the chapel as an inclusive community and a place of collective wellbeing”.
But during Thursday’s hearing, Justin Gau, of Pump Court Chambers, asked: “Where, for example, in the gospels is slavery condemned?”
He said St Paul returned a “slave to his master” and added: “What was he doing there?”
The college’s dean of chapel, Reverend James Crockford, said it happened when St Paul expected the end of the world “imminently”.
Mr Gau said students may not be able to exercise “critical thinking” if they are disturbed by the memorial and supported its removal.
He argued “the individual should be judged as a whole and as a part of his society”.
Rev Crockford said “we should indeed be understanding individuals within their context”, but said: “The memorial focuses very much on the financial virtues of Tobias Rustat and so there’s a particular lens within which we need to see this memorial.”
Jesus College at the University of Cambridge, where the memorial to Tobias Rustat is located
Joe Giddens
Mr Gau questioned whether the chapel was a “safe space” for undergraduates and asked: “Do you think that church should always be a safe space?”
Rev Crockford, who is responsible for the historic chapel, replied: “Yes.”
Mr Gau said: “We shouldn’t remove the difficulties life throws at us in a chapel, should we?”
He suggested some undergraduates are “unchurched”, saying a “a crucified man, a dead man who had been tortured” would also be disturbing.
Rev Crockford believes the memorial is a “barrier to (students’) participation” in the chapel”, the hearing was told.
He told Mr Gau that, as he understands it, the “discomfort” of undergraduates and fellows regarding the memorial relates to the “difficulty and significance of a monument that celebrates the life of the man … and his financial dealings”.
Mr Gau referred to a phrase often repeated in students’ emails: “It’s totally wrong for the statue of someone who was so heavily involved in the horrific crimes of slavery to be glorified in the heart of our community.”
And he said one email saying Mr “Rustat made his money from slavery and caused immeasurable human suffering” was wrong.
Rev Crockford replied: “It’s my understanding that he did make some of his money from slavery.”
A student’s email dated December 19 2020 said Mr Rustat “amassed much of his wealth from the Royal African Company”, which Mr Gau said is “simply not true”.
The email continued: “The college has clearly denounced its bequest from Rustat as morally repugnant.”
Mr Gau asked Rev Crockford how the college had denounced the bequest.
Rev Crockford replied: “I perhaps wouldn’t have used those words myself.”
Another email from an undergraduate expressed strong support for the removal of the memorial, and claimed Mr Rustat has “been clearly demonstrated” as “a very active slave trader”.
Mr Gau said there was “no demonstration in any document that Tobias Rustat was any sort of slave trader”.
Rev Crockford said: “Not perhaps in the narrow definition of the word.”
The email also claimed the memorial commemorated “white supremacy”.
Sonita Alleyne, master of Jesus College and the first female and black master of any Oxbridge college, asked the hearing “how much sin” it would take for Mr Rustat to have his memorial removed.
Memorial to Tobias Rustat in Jesus College, University of Cambridge
Joe Giddens
Asked by Mr Gau if she thought life was a “bed of roses”, she said: “I’m the last person that believes life is a bed of roses… but we don’t set out to make life more difficult for people”.
Mr Gau asked if Ms Alleyne agreed that he “venerated” Donald Trump, given that the former US president is taller than him and some of the objection to the memorial related to its placement high on the chapel’s wall.
“I’m not sure that’s a useful line to take,” she said. “Donald Trump is not on the wall on a memorial.”
Ms Alleyne said the “very inquiring, smart” students did not need the memorial removed for educational purposes.
Responding to Mr Gau’s suggestion that Mr Rustat’s history should be “contextualised” through an explanatory plaque in the chapel, she said: “There is not enough space on the wall… how big would a plaque have to be?”
“How will we fit the stories of all the people who were enslaved and who died in the process?”
She said the chapel was “our sanctified space, our pastoral space… I have great faith and I’m here today because I have great faith that we are in an age where equality is paramount”.
Mr Gau said Mr Rustat was a “generous benefactor” of the college and that, “despite his very small involvement in the slave trade”, there was now a black female master of the college.
Ms Alleyne replied: “Which murder, which lynching… how much sin do you need to have before you come off the wall?”
She said investors in companies involved in the slave trade swore an oath to be responsible for their actions.
“They knew about people’s lives being lost on the journeys… they knew what cargo was lost,” she said.
Ms Alleyne was asked by Mr Gau if she was “prepared to condemn the treatment of Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang.
She said that the situation in Xinjiang “should concern us” but said two different issues “are being conflated together” and that “we’ve had no substantive monies from China or Chinese organisations”.
Last year, the college submitted an application to the Diocese of Ely to move the memorial to a permanent exhibition space in the college.
The Right Reverend Stephen Conway, the Bishop of Ely, told the hearing the memorial needs to be removed so students are not reminded “of the ways in which their forebears were tortured and dehumanised”.
Jesus Christ “made all humans equal under the love of God, whatever their current state”, the bishop added.
The memorial, on the west wall of the chapel, was commissioned by Mr Rustat when he was already a major benefactor to the college.
Last year, college archivist Robert Athol said the plan to move it would “allow for restoration and study of the monument, and it will enable people to engage with it as an artistic piece and as a vehicle for discussion about the history and legacy of enslavement”.
Jesus College’s application to the Diocese states that keeping the memorial within the chapel is “inconsistent with the tenets of the Christian faith”, and is a “hindrance to participation in the pastoral and community activities of the college which take place in the chapel”.
